Tracheal (Windpipe) Collapse
What is tracheal collapse?
Tracheal collapse is a serious condition that occurs when the diameter of the animal's windpipe is narrowed. The narrowing occurs due to weakening in the cartilage of the trachea (windpipe). The windpipe extends from the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi of the lungs. The windpipe is located in the neck and chest. This condition occurs primarily in dogs. The miniature poodle, Yorkshire terrier, Chihuahua, Pomeranian, and other small or toy breeds are predisposed to tracheal collapse. Tracheal collapse rarely is seen in cats.
What causes tracheal collapse?
Causes of tracheal collapse include:
Risk factors for developing tracheal collapse include:
What are the signs of tracheal collapse?
The pet may have a dry, "honking" cough which is a classic sign for tracheal collapse. The cough may be intermittent or the animal may have difficulty breathing. The pet may retch in an attempt to clear its airway. It may take quick, shallow breaths; be unable to exercise without distress; and in severe cases, may faint or lose consciousness. Signs are worsened by excitement, heat, and humidity.
How is tracheal collapse diagnosed?
The veterinarian will examine the animal and listen for abnormal respiratory sounds such as wheezing. Heart sounds also will be evaluated because many of the dog breeds associated with tracheal collapse also commonly have heart murmurs. A good history is important in differentiating between other conditions with similar signs such as chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, heart failure, or a tumor or foreign body in the airway. Blood work is done to assess the general health of the pet. Radiographs (X-rays) can identify the tracheal collapse in the majority of cases. Bronchoscopy (visual examination of the airway using a scope) may be needed to assess the severity of the collapse or to remove an object if a foreign body has lodged in the airway. Blood oxygen levels may be evaluated by blood gas analysis or pulse oximetry to determine the severity of respiratory dysfunction.
How is tracheal collapse treated?
The treatment for tracheal collapse varies, depending on the severity of the clinical signs. Animals having great difficulty breathing will need oxygen. Some may require sedation to allow them to quiet down and to relieve anxiety. The animal must be kept quiet until it is stabilized. Cough suppressants and other medications, such as bronchodilators and steroids, may be used. In selected cases, surgery may improve the quality of life when adequate stabilization of the airway can be achieved. Weight control is very important. The signs of tracheal collapse will improve in the majority of overweight animals if they lose weight. If the pet is diagnosed with tracheal collapse, a harness should be used instead of a collar to eliminate added pressure to the neck.
What is the prognosis for animals with tracheal collapse?
The prognosis (outcome) depends on the severity and location
of the tracheal collapse. Medication in conjunction with weight
control may provide relief and control signs. Severe cases can
progress to respiratory failure and death.