Epulis
What is an epulis?
An epulis is the most common type of tumor in a dog's mouth that is ususally non-cancerous (benign). A benign tumor is one that does not spread to other parts of the body. The epulis originates from the tissue that attaches the tooth to the skull. An epulis can be "locally invasive," which means that it can grow into the tissues surrounding its initial location. There are three types of epulis described in most texts:
What causes an epulis to form?
The cause is unknown.
What are the signs of an epulis?
An epulis is usually first noticed as a growth on the gum line of the dog's mouth. In rare cases, teeth may be moved from their normal position because of the growth of the epulis. Your pet is initially unaffected by the epulis. However, if the growth becomes large, it could bleed, cause problems with eating, or affect the teeth or jawbone.
How is an epulis diagnosed?
A thorough oral exam and a biopsy of the epulis is essential for proper diagnosis. Since many cancerous oral tumors can look like an epulis, it is important to differentiate an epulis from true cancer. A biopsy with examination by a pathologist can differentiate between the types seen.
How is an epulis treated?
An epulis is treated by surgically removing it, including a broad margin around the growth. Sometimes, especially with larger tumors, teeth adjacent to the epulis have to be removed. Because of the possibility of local invasion a wide border is recommended in most cases. In some cases, portions of the jawbone may need to be removed to cure the condition. Radiation treatment is sometimes used in addition to or instead of surgery.
What is the prognosis for an epulis?
The prognosis is good if the entire epulis can be removed, so it's best to avoid delay of surgery that would allow the epulis to grow. After surgical removal, the prognosis can be very good depending on the type of epulis removed. A subtype of epulis called an "acanthomatous" epulis can cause more bone problems than the other types, and can be more difficult to completely remove.
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